Get your patient on Enbumyst - Bumetanide spray (Bumetanide)

Each unit-dose nasal spray contains 0.5 mg of bumetanide. The usual total daily dosage of ENBUMYST is 0.5 mg to 2 mg once daily. The number of nasal spray devices needed for a single dose depends upon the prescribed dose. Individualize dosage based on patient response up to a maximum dose of 2 mg/day.

ENBUMYST is not intended for chronic use and should be replaced with oral diuretics as soon as practical.

ENBUMYST can be substituted at approximately a 1:40 ratio to oral furosemide and a 1:20 ratio to intravenous furosemide.

• ENBUMYST is for nasal use only.
• Each ENBUMYST unit is for single use and delivers 0.5 mg bumetanide upon actuation.
• Do not prime or attempt to reuse ENBUMYST for more than one administration.
• Administer ENBUMYST directly into the nose and not against the wall of the nose.
• If prescribed dose requires more than one nasal spray, alternate between right and left nostrils.

Refer patients and caregivers to the Instructions for Use for detailed administration instructions.

Risk Summary

The available data on bumetanide use in pregnant women from scientific review publications have not identified a drug-associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage, or other adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. Untreated congestive heart failure, hepatic disease such as cirrhosis and chronic kidney disease can lead to adverse outcomes for the mother and fetus (see Clinical Considerations ).

In animal reproduction studies, no malformations were observed with oral administration of bumetanide to pregnant rats and rabbits during organogenesis at doses approximately 485 times and equivalent to a human dose of 2 mg once daily, respectively (see Data ) .

The background risk for major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated populations is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in the clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively.

Clinical Considerations

Disease-Associated Maternal and/or Embryo/Fetal Risk

Pregnant women with congestive heart failure are at increased risk for pre-term birth. Stroke volume and heart rate increase during pregnancy, increasing cardiac output, especially during the first trimester. Clinical classification of heart disease may worsen with pregnancy and lead to maternal death and/or stillbirth. Closely monitor pregnant patients for destabilization of their heart failure.

Pregnant women with symptomatic cirrhosis generally have poor outcomes including hepatic failure, variceal hemorrhage, pre-term delivery, fetal growth restriction and maternal death. Outcomes are worse with coexisting esophageal varices. Pregnant women with cirrhosis of the liver should be carefully monitored and managed accordingly.

Chronic kidney disease in pregnancy increases the risk for maternal hypertension and preeclampsia, miscarriage, preterm delivery, polyhydramnios, still birth, and low birth weight infants.

Data

Animal Data

Bumetanide has been shown to be nonteratogenic, but it has a slight embryocidal effect in rats when given at a dose approximately 485 times and in rabbits at a dose equivalent to a 2 mg/day human dose, based on body surface area (BSA). In one study, moderate growth retardation and increased incidence of delayed ossification of sternebrae were observed in rats at oral doses of 100 mg/kg/day, approximately 485 times a 2 mg/day human dose, based on BSA. These effects were associated with maternal weight reductions noted during dosing. No such adverse effects were observed at 30 mg/kg/day (approximately 146 times a 2 mg/day human dose, based on BSA). No fetotoxicity was observed at dose up to approximately 292 times a 2 mg/day human dose, based on BSA.

In rabbits, a dose-related decrease in litter size and an increase in resorption rate were noted at oral doses of 0.1 mg/kg/day and 0.3 mg/kg/day (approximately equivalent to 3 times a 2 mg/day human dose, based on BSA). A slightly increased incidence of delayed ossification of sternebrae occurred at 0.3 mg/kg/day; however, no such adverse effects were observed at the dose of 0.03 mg/kg/day. The sensitivity of the rabbit to bumetanide parallels the marked pharmacologic and toxicologic effects of the drug in this species.

Bumetanide was not teratogenic in the hamster at an oral dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day (approximately 3 times a 2 mg/day human dose, based on BSA).

Risk Summary

There are no data on the presence of bumetanide in either human or animal milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production. Because there have been no reports of adverse events in breastfed infants over decades of bumetanide use, the developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for bumetanide and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from bumetanide or from the underlying maternal condition.

Clinical Considerations

Monitor infants potentially exposed to ENBUMYST through breast milk for excessive urine output, dehydration and lethargy.

The safety and effectiveness of ENBUMYST (bumetanide nasal spray) have not been established in pediatric patients.

In vitro studies using pooled sera from critically ill neonates have shown bumetanide to be a potent displacer of bilirubin. The administration of bumetanide could present a particular concern if given to critically ill or jaundiced neonates at risk for kernicterus. ENBUMYST (bumetanide nasal spray) is not approved for use in pediatric patients, including neonates.

Clinical studies of bumetanide did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they responded differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal or cardiac function and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.

This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function .

Bumetanide may cause fluid, electrolyte, and metabolic abnormalities such as hypovolemia, hypokalemia, azotemia, hyponatremia, hypochloremic alkalosis, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia, hyperglycemia, or hyperuricemia, particularly in patients receiving higher doses, patients with inadequate oral electrolyte intake, and in elderly patients. Excessive diuresis may cause dehydration and blood volume reduction with circulatory collapse and possibly vascular thrombosis and embolism, particularly in elderly patients. Serum electrolytes, CO2, BUN, creatinine, glucose, and uric acid should be monitored frequently during bumetanide therapy.

Bumetanide can cause dehydration and azotemia. If increasing azotemia and oliguria occur during treatment of severe progressive renal disease, discontinue bumetanide [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ].

Tinnitus and hearing loss (usually reversible) have been reported with loop diuretics, including bumetanide. Reports indicate that ototoxicity is associated with rapid injection, severe renal impairment, the use of higher than recommended doses, hypoproteinemia or concomitant therapy with aminoglycoside antibiotics, ethacrynic acid, or other ototoxic drugs.

ENBUMYST has not been assessed in individuals with nasal mucosal or structural abnormalities. Avoid use in patients with significant nasal mucosal or structural abnormalities, such as acute episodes of rhinitis or congestion due to any cause. Consider alternative products or therapies in such patients.

Lithium

Lithium should generally not be given with diuretics (such as bumetanide) because they reduce its renal clearance and add a high risk of lithium toxicity.

Probenecid

Probenecid should not be administered concurrently with bumetanide. Pretreatment with probenecid reduces both the natriuresis and hyperreninemia produced by bumetanide. This antagonistic effect of probenecid on bumetanide natriuresis is not due to a direct action on sodium excretion but is probably secondary to its inhibitory effect on renal tubular secretion of bumetanide.

Indomethacin

Concurrent therapy with bumetanide is not recommended. Indomethacin blunts the increases in urine volume and sodium excretion seen during bumetanide treatment and inhibits the bumetanide-induced increase in plasma renin activity.

Drugs with Ototoxic Potential [ see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ]

Especially in the presence of impaired renal function, the use of parenterally administered bumetanide in patients to whom aminoglycoside antibiotics are also being given should be avoided, except in life-threatening conditions.

Drugs with Nephrotoxic Potential

Monitor renal function. Concomitant use may worsen renal function and increase the risk of nephrotoxicity.

Antihypertensives

Bumetanide may potentiate the effect of various antihypertensive drugs, necessitating a reduction in the dosage of these drugs.

Digoxin

Interaction studies in humans have shown no effect on digoxin blood levels.

Anticoagulants

Interaction studies in humans have shown bumetanide to have no effect on warfarin metabolism or on plasma prothrombin activity.

Bumetanide primarily inhibits the reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the proximal and distal tubules and in the loop of Henle. The high degree of diuresis is largely due to the unique site of action. The action on the distal tubule is independent of any inhibitory effect on carbonic anhydrase and aldosterone.

Following administration of ENBUMYST, the onset of diuresis occurs in less than 60 minutes. Peak activity is reached between 0.75 and 1.5 hours. At a maximum dose of 2 mg, diuresis is largely complete within 4 hours. Bumetanide decreases uric acid excretion and increases serum uric acid.

In a study in 68 healthy adults, the effect of 2 mg ENBUMYST on diuresis, natriuresis and potassium urine excretion over 0 to 8 hours and 0 to 24 hours was similar to that of 2 mg bumetanide oral tablet and 2 mg bumetanide IV injection.

In a study in healthy adults, the exposure (C _max and AUC) of 2 mg ENBUMYST was similar to that of 2 mg bumetanide oral tablet. The exposure of 2 mg ENBUMYST was approximately 11% (C _max ) and 65-67% (AUC) relative to that of 2 mg bumetanide IV injection.

Absorption

Bumetanide median time to maximum concentration (T _max ) is 1.0 hour following nasal administration of ENBUMYST.

Distribution

Bumetanide exhibits high plasma protein binding in the range of 94% to 96%.

Elimination

Bumetanide is eliminated rapidly in humans following both oral and parenteral (intravenous or intramuscular) administration, with a half-life of 1 to 1.5 hours. ENBUMYST demonstrated a half-life of approximately 3 hours in healthy adult subjects.

Metabolism

Mass balance studies using carbon-14 labeled bumetanide in healthy adults identified metabolites formed by oxidation of the N-butyl side chain. These metabolites were detected in both urine and bile.

Excretion

Following oral administration of carbon-14 labeled bumetanide to healthy adults, 81% of the administered radioactivity was recovered in urine, with 45% excreted as unchanged drug. Biliary excretion accounted for 2% of the administered dose.

Specific Populations

Geriatric Patients

In a group of ten geriatric subjects between the ages of 65 and 73 years, total bumetanide clearance was significantly lower (1.8 ± 0.3 mL/min•kg) compared with younger subjects (2.9 ± 0.2 mL/min•kg) after a single oral bumetanide 0.5 mg dose. Maximum plasma concentrations were higher in geriatric subjects (16.9 ± 1.8 ng/mL) compared with younger subjects (10.3 ± 1.5 ng/mL). Urine flow rate and total excretion of sodium and potassium were increased less in the geriatric subjects compared with younger subjects, although potassium excretion and fractional sodium excretion were similar between the two age groups. Nonrenal clearance, bioavailability, and volume of distribution were not significantly different between the two groups.

Bumetanide was devoid of mutagenic activity in various strains of Salmonella typhimurium when tested in the presence or absence of an in vitro metabolic activation system. An 18-month study showed an increase in mammary adenomas of questionable significance in female rats receiving oral doses of 60 mg/kg/day (approximately 290 times a 2 mg/day human dose, based on BSA). A repeat study at the same doses failed to duplicate this finding.

Reproduction studies were performed to evaluate general reproductive performance and fertility in rats at oral dose levels of 10 mg/kg/day, 30 mg/kg/day, 60 mg/kg/day or 100 mg/kg/day. The pregnancy rate was slightly decreased in the treated animals; however, the differences were small and not statistically significant.

Storage and Handling

Store at room temperature 59°F to 77°F (15°C to 25°C). Short-term excursions permitted between 39°F to 104°F (4°C to 40°C). Do not freeze. Dispense in the original sealed carton.