Get your patient on Tzield (Teplizumab-Mzwv)

Patients with Stage 2 T1D

Select adult and pediatric patients 1 year of age and older with Stage 2 T1D for TZIELD treatment to delay the onset of Stage 3 T1D based on the confirmation of:

• At least two positive pancreatic islet cell autoantibodies, and
• Dysglycemia without overt hyperglycemia using an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT):
  • If an OGTT is not available, an alternative method for diagnosing dysglycemia without overt hyperglycemia may be appropriate.
  • In adults aged 18 years or older , recommend following the definition of dysglycemia used in clinical trials to diagnose dysglycemia prior to use of TZIELD due to the lack of specificity of other measures [see Clinical Studies (14.1) ] .

Ensure the patient's diagnosis confirms an autoimmune origin and does not suggest insulin resistance due to obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D) or dysglycemia due to other forms of diabetes. These may include, but are not limited to, genetic forms of diabetes, maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), or diabetes secondary to medications or surgery.

Patients with Stage 3 T1D

Select pediatric patients aged 8 to 17 years recently diagnosed (within the last 8 weeks) with Stage 3 T1D for TZIELD treatment to delay the decline in endogenous insulin production based on confirmation of both of the following:

• At least one positive pancreatic islet cell autoantibody
• Peak C-peptide ≥0.2 pmol/mL on a mixed-meal tolerance test (if a mixed meal tolerance test is not available, an alternative method for measuring peak C-peptide ≥0.2 pmol/mL may be appropriate).

• Prior to initiating TZIELD, obtain a complete blood count and liver enzyme tests. Use of TZIELD is not recommended in patients with the following conditions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) , Adverse Reactions (6.1) ] :
  • Lymphocyte count less than 1,000 lymphocytes/mcL
  • Hemoglobin less than 10 g/dL
  • Platelet count less than 150,000 platelets/mcL
  • Absolute neutrophil count less than 1,500 neutrophils/mcL
  • Elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) greater than 2 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) or bilirubin greater than 1.5 times ULN
  • Active serious infection or chronic active infection other than localized skin infections [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ].
• Prior to initiating treatment, evaluate patients for active EBV and CMV infection, including assessment of viral load [e.g., polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing]. Consider expert consultation for appropriate laboratory and clinical evaluation to assess for active EBV or CMV infection. Use of TZIELD is contraindicated in patients who are immunocompromised or have active viral infection (such as EBV or CMV infection) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ] .
• Administer all age-appropriate vaccinations prior to starting TZIELD [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6) ] :
  • Administer live-attenuated (live) vaccines at least 8 weeks prior to TZIELD treatment.
  • Administer inactivated (killed) vaccines or mRNA vaccines at least 2 weeks prior to treatment.

Prior to each of the first 5 days of TZIELD infusion [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ] :

• Premedicate with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) or acetaminophen
• Premedicate with an antihistamine, and
• Consider premedication with an antiemetic

If needed, administer additional premedication doses.

Body Surface Area Dosage Calculation

The dosage of TZIELD is based on body surface (BSA) area, which is calculated using the Mosteller formula, below:

Using the patient's BSA, calculate the dose based on treatment day:

Dose (mcg) = Daily dosage (mcg/m ² ) × BSA (m ² )

Recommended Dosage and Administration in Patients with Stage 2 T1D

Administer TZIELD once daily for 14 consecutive days using BSA-based dosing per the schedule below:

Administer TZIELD by intravenous infusion over a minimum of:

• 30 minutes in adult and pediatric patients aged 8 years and older.
• 2 hours in pediatric patients aged 1 to less than 8 years [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ] .

Recommended Dosage and Administration in Patients with Stage 3 T1D

Initiate treatment as soon as possible following Stage 3 T1D diagnosis but no later than 8 weeks from diagnosis.

Administer TZIELD by intravenous infusion over a minimum of 30 minutes, once daily for 12 consecutive days for each treatment course, for a total of two treatment courses, using the BSA-based dosing schedule below:

Second treatment Course:

Administer the second 12-day treatment course 6 months after the first treatment course.

If the second course is delayed, administer the second treatment course within 6 to 12 months after the first treatment course.

If a planned TZIELD infusion is missed, administer the missed dose as soon as possible and all remaining doses on consecutive days to complete the 14 total dose regimen in patients with Stage 2 T1D or each of the two 12-day treatment courses in patients with Stage 3 T1D.

Do not administer two doses on the same day.

• Monitor lymphocyte count regularly (every 2–3 days) during TZIELD infusion and monitor for lymphocyte recovery following completion of TZIELD.
• If prolonged severe lymphopenia (<500 cells per mcL lasting 1 week or longer) develops, permanently discontinue TZIELD.
• Monitor patients for signs and symptoms of viral reactivation during TZIELD treatment and for at least 2 months following the last infusion. If viral reactivation is suspected, discontinue TZIELD [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ] .
• Monitor liver enzymes and bilirubin during treatment. Discontinue TZIELD treatment in patients who develop elevated ALT or AST more than 5 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) or bilirubin more than 3 times ULN [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ] .

• Read this entire section carefully before preparing TZIELD.
• Must dilute TZIELD prior to use. This requires the preparation of 100 mcg/mL dilution followed by the preparation of an infusion solution.
• Start the infusion after preparation is complete.
• If the TZIELD infusion solution is not used immediately, store as instructed per corresponding infusion preparation method.

The following are preparation and administration instructions based on BSA dosing requirements [see Dosage and Administration (2.4) ] :

TZIELD 100 mcg/mL Dilution Preparation:

• Prior to dilution, inspect TZIELD visually before use (the supplied solution is clear and colorless). Do not use TZIELD if particulate matter or coloration is seen.
• Prepare TZIELD using aseptic technique. Each vial is intended for one-time use only, discard any unused portion.
• If the calculated dose is:
  • 2,000 mcg or less, then prepare:
    • One sterile syringe (polypropylene (PP), polycarbonate (PC) or glass) or
    • One sterile glass vial with 18 mL of 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection or
    • One ≤50 mL polyvinylchloride (PVC) with di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) infusion bag with 18 mL of 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection.
  • Greater than 2,000 mcg, then prepare:
    • Two sterile syringes (PP, PC or glass) or
    • Two sterile glass vials with 18 mL of 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection or
    • Two ≤50 mL PVC with DEHP infusion bags with 18 mL of 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection.
• Remove the cap from the TZIELD vial – this is the preparation start time.
• Remove 2 mL of TZIELD from the single-dose vial and slowly add to the sterile syringes (PP, PC or glass), glass vial or PVC with DEHP infusion bag containing 18 mL of 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection.
• Mix gently by slowly swirling the vial or rocking the infusion bag or syringe. The resulting 20 mL diluted TZIELD solution contains 100 mcg/mL of teplizumab-mzwv.
• If preparing a dose greater than 2,000 mcg, repeat the above process with second TZIELD vial and the glass vial, or PVC with DEHP infusion bag or syringe (PP, PC or glass) containing 18 mL of 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection.

TZIELD Infusion Solution Preparation:

• Calculate the volume of TZIELD 100 mcg/mL dilution needed for the infusion.

There are two different methods for preparation of the infusion: infusion bag (Method 1) or syringe (Method 2, for syringe pump infusion). Use the appropriate steps below depending on the selected method.

Method 1: Infusion bag for intravenous administration:

• Using an appropriately sized syringe [see Compatible Materials for Administration (2.8) ] , withdraw the volume of TZIELD 100 mcg/mL dilution required for that day's calculated dose (for a calculated dose 2,000 mcg or less) or from both prepared 100 mcg/mL dilutions (for a calculated dose more than 2,000 mcg) [see TZIELD 100 mcg/mL Dilution Preparation ] .
• Discard unused portion of remaining TZIELD dilution in the syringe, sterile glass vial or PVC with DEHP infusion bag.
• Slowly add contents of the syringe containing the TZIELD dose to a PVC with DEHP infusion bag containing 25 mL of 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection ( for a calculated dose more than 2,000 mcg, add the cumulative volume for the calculated dose to a single infusion bag ). Gently rock the infusion bag to ensure that the solution mixes sufficiently. Do not shake.

Infusion bag administration:

• Prime the IV infusion set with the TZIELD infusion solution. Do not waste any infusion solution during the priming process.
• Infusion administration has a minimum duration of:
  • 30 minutes in adult and pediatric patients aged 8 years and older
  • 2 hours in pediatric patients aged 1 to less than 8 years
• Rate may be slowed for patient's tolerability.
• After infusion, flush the IV set with a volume of 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection greater than or equal to the priming volume, to ensure full dose is administered. Same infusion rate should be used for flushing.
• If the TZIELD infusion solution is not used immediately, store at room temperature between 15°C to 25°C (59°F to 77°F). Discard if the infusion is unable to be completed within 6 hours of preparation.

Method 2: Syringe for intravenous infusion via syringe pump:

• Requires an appropriately sized sterile syringe (up to 60 mL) [i.e., infusion syringe] which is compatible with available syringe pump. The syringe pump should support rates as low as 1 mL/hour [see Compatible Materials for Administration (2.8) ] .
• The final concentration range is 15 mcg/mL to 60 mcg/mL with a maximum infusion volume of 60 mL.
• To fit technical constraints of syringe pump, a lower volume may be used as long as the concentration is between 15 mcg/mL and 60 mcg/mL.

If the calculated dose is:

• 900 mcg or less:
  • Calculate the maximum volume that can be administered for the calculated dose (based on treatment day, dose and patient BSA) using a minimum infusion concentration of 15 mcg/mL.

    Volume Infusion (mL)	=	Dose (mcg)
    		Minimum infusion concentration 15 mcg/mL

  • Calculate the volume of 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection to be added to the infusion syringe:
    Volume _{0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection} (mL) = Volume _Infusion (mL) - Volume _{100 mcg/mL dilution} (mL)
• Greater than 900 mcg: the maximum infusion volume is capped at 60 mL.
  Volume _{0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection} (mL) = 60 mL - Volume _{100 mcg/mL dilution} (mL)

For all doses:

• Measure the appropriate volume of 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection from above calculation into the infusion syringe.
• Using an appropriately sized syringe, withdraw the volume of TZIELD 100 mcg/mL dilution [see Compatible Materials for Administration (2.8) ] required for that day's calculated dose (for a calculated dose 2,000 mcg or less) and add it to the infusion syringe. For a calculated dose more than 2,000 mcg, add the cumulative volume from both prepared 100 mcg/mL dilutions to a single infusion syringe [see TZIELD 100 mcg/mL Dilution Preparation ] .
• Gently rock the infusion syringe to ensure that the solution mixes sufficiently. Do not shake.

Syringe administration:

• Prime the IV extension set with the TZIELD infusion solution. Do not waste any infusion solution during the priming process.
• Attach infusion syringe to a syringe pump.
• The infusion must be administered over a minimum of:
  • 30 minutes in adult and pediatric patients aged 8 years and older
  • 2 hours in pediatric patients aged 1 to less than 8 years
• Do not manually push the syringe.
• Infusion administration rate may be slowed for patient's tolerability.
• After infusion, flush the IV extension set with a volume of 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection greater than or equal to the priming volume at the same infusion rate to ensure full dose is administered.
• If the TZIELD infusion solution is not used immediately, store refrigerated at 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F) for up to 12 hours, followed by a maximum of 6 hours at room temperature between 15°C to 25°C (59°F to 77°F) which includes infusion time. Discard if the infusion is unable to be completed within 15 hours of preparation.

Compatibility has been demonstrated with the materials listed in Table 1. Other materials should not be used.

Use of in-line filter is not recommended. If necessary, use a polyethylene sulfone (PES) filter.

Do not use light protected (colored) infusion sets.

Risk Summary

Available case reports from clinical trials with TZIELD are insufficient to identify a drug-associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage or other adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. Although there are no data on teplizumab-mzwv in nonclinical studies, monoclonal antibodies can be actively transported across the placenta, and TZIELD may cause immunosuppression in the utero - exposed infant (see Clinical Considerations ). To minimize exposure to a fetus, avoid use of TZIELD during pregnancy and at least 30 days prior to planned pregnancy.

TZIELD is not active in rodents. In animal reproduction studies, mice were given a surrogate anti-mouse CD3 antibody subcutaneously during organogenesis through lactation. Pups born to dams administered the murine surrogate antibody during pregnancy showed a reduction in the adaptive immune response consistent with the expected pharmacology (see Data ) .

The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. In the U.S. general population, the background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2%–4% and 15%–20%, respectively.

Report pregnancies to Provention Bio, Inc.'s Adverse Event reporting line at 1-800-633-1610 or visit https://ae.reporting.sanofi.

Clinical Considerations

Fetal/Neonatal Adverse Reactions

Transport of endogenous IgG antibodies across the placenta increases as pregnancy progresses, and peaks during the third trimester. Because teplizumab-mzwv may interfere with immune response to infections, risks and benefits should be considered prior to administering live vaccines to infants exposed to teplizumab-mzwv in utero. There are insufficient data regarding infant serum levels of teplizumab-mzwv at birth and the duration of persistence of teplizumab-mzwv in infant serum after birth to identify a specific timeframe to delay live virus immunizations in infants exposed in utero.

Data

Animal Data

In an embryo-fetal developmental toxicity study, pregnant mice were administered a murine surrogate anti-mouse CD3 antibody by subcutaneous injection at dose levels of 0, 0.03, 0.3, or 20 mg/kg on Gestation Days 6, 10, and 14. Increase in post-implantation loss occurred in the 20 mg/kg group, in the presence of maternal toxicity.

In a pre- and postnatal development toxicity study in pregnant mice, in which the murine surrogate antibody was administered every 3 days from gestation day 6 through lactation day 19 at doses of 0, 0.3, 3, or 20 mg/kg, no maternal toxicity or increased incidence of post-implantation loss was observed. Reductions in T cell populations and increases in B cells, and a reduction in the adaptive immune response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) were observed in the offspring on postnatal days 35 and 84 at 20 mg/kg. The surrogate antibody was present in the offspring serum at level less than 1.5% that of maternal serum at the high dose. A trend towards reduction in fertility was observed in the offspring of dams administered the murine surrogate antibody at 20 mg/kg. The human relevance of this finding is unknown.

Risk Summary

There are no data on the presence of teplizumab-mzwv in either human or animal milk, the effects on the breastfed child, or the effects on milk production. Endogenous maternal IgG and monoclonal antibodies are transferred into human milk. The effects of local gastrointestinal exposure and limited systemic exposure in the breastfed infant to teplizumab-mzwv are unknown.

Although the developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for TZIELD and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed child from TZIELD or from the underlying maternal condition, a lactating woman may interrupt breastfeeding and pump and discard breast milk during treatment and for 20 days after TZIELD administration to minimize drug exposure to a breastfed child.

The safety and effectiveness of TZIELD have been established to:

• Delay the onset of Stage 3 T1D in pediatric patients 1 year of age and older with Stage 2 T1D. Use of TZIELD for this indication is supported by evidence from an adequate and well-controlled study (Study TN-10) in adult and pediatric patients 8 years of age and older (including 29 pediatric patients) with Stage 2 T1D and from additional pharmacokinetic and safety data in 23 pediatric patients aged 1 to less than 8 years of age with Stage 2 T1D (PETITE T1D) [see Adverse Reactions (6.1) , Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) , Clinical Studies (14.1) ] .
• Delay the decline in endogenous insulin production in pediatric patients aged 8 to 17 years recently diagnosed with Stage 3 T1D. Use of TZIELD for this indication is supported by an adequate and well-controlled study (PROTECT Study) in pediatric patients recently diagnosed with Stage 3 T1D [see Clinical Studies (14.2) ] .

Adverse reactions observed in pediatric patients 1 year of age and older who received TZIELD were consistent with those reported in adults [see Adverse Reactions (6.1) ] .

The safety and effectiveness of TZIELD have not been established to delay the onset of Stage 3 T1D in pediatric patients younger than 1 year of age with Stage 2 T1D.

The safety and effectiveness of TZIELD have not been established to delay the decline in endogenous insulin production in pediatric patients less than 8 years of age years recently diagnosed with Stage 3 T1D.

Stage 2 T1D is largely a condition that occurs in pediatric and younger adult patients. Clinical studies of TZIELD to delay the onset of Stage 3 T1D did not include patients 65 years of age and older.

Serious, life-threatening cases of viral reactivation, including EBV and CMV infections, have been reported with TZIELD. During and within 2 months of TZIELD treatment, if primary infection or reactivation of EBV or CMV occurs, it may present with increased severity, including EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disease and organ failure.

Patients who are immunocompromised, including patients with Down syndrome, may be at increased risk. TZIELD is contraindicated in patients who are immunocompromised or have active viral infection (such as EBV or CMV infection). The majority of serious viral reactivation cases occurred in patients who continued TZIELD despite persistent, severe lymphopenia. The duration of severe lymphopenia following TZIELD treatment may be prolonged in adults [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ].

Serious cases have also been reported in adults with higher body surface area or comorbid conditions, such as adrenal insufficiency or cardiovascular disease.

Prior to initiating treatment with TZIELD, evaluate patients for active EBV and CMV infection and confirm absence of active infection on assessment of viral load (e.g., PCR). TZIELD is contraindicated in patients who are immunocompromised or have active viral infection (such as EBV or CMV infection) [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) ].

During treatment with TZIELD, regularly monitor lymphocyte counts [see Dosage and Administration (2.6) , Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ] and monitor patients for signs and symptoms of viral reactivation during treatment and for at least 2 months following the last infusion. If viral reactivation is suspected, discontinue TZIELD and obtain viral load (e.g., PCR) promptly. Consider appropriate expert consultation for diagnostic testing recommendations as some diagnostic tests may give inaccurate results following treatment with TZIELD, including rapid heterophile antibody testing. If viral reactivation is confirmed, permanently discontinue TZIELD [see Dosage and Administration (2.6) ]. Consider appropriate expert consultation for the management of severe viral reactivation.

Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) has been observed in TZIELD-treated patients. In a pool of clinical trials, CRS was reported in 5% of TZIELD-treated patients compared to 0.8% of control-treated patients. In the PROTECT study, CRS was reported in 9% of TZIELD-treated patients compared to 1% of placebo-treated patients during the treatment period and through 28 days after the last study drug administration. Manifestations of CRS in TZIELD-treated patients included fever, nausea (with or without vomiting), fatigue, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, increased ALT, increased AST, and increased total bilirubin. These manifestations typically occurred during the first 5 days of TZIELD treatment [see Adverse Reactions (6.1) ] . To mitigate CRS:

• Premedicate with antipyretics, antihistamines and/or antiemetics prior to TZIELD treatment [see Dosage and Administration (2.3) ].
• Monitor liver enzymes and bilirubin during treatment. Discontinue TZIELD treatment in patients who develop elevated ALT or AST more than 5 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) or bilirubin more than 3 times ULN.
• Treat symptoms of CRS in TZIELD-treated patients with antipyretics, antihistamines and/or antiemetics. If severe CRS develops, consider:
  • Temporarily pausing TZIELD dosing for 1–2 days and if symptoms have resolved or significantly improved, subsequently administering the remaining doses on consecutive days to complete the full 14-day treatment course in patients with Stage 2 T1D or each of the two 12-day courses in patients with Stage 3 T1D, or
  • Discontinuing TZIELD treatment .

Bacterial and viral infections have occurred in TZIELD-treated patients. In a pool of clinical trials, TZIELD-treated patients had a higher rate of serious infections (3.5%) than control-treated patients (2%), including gastroenteritis, cellulitis, pneumonia, abscess, sepsis [see Adverse Reactions (6.1) ]. Adults may have a longer duration of severe lymphopenia following TZIELD treatment, which may increase the risk for serious infections.

Use of TZIELD is not recommended in patients with active serious infection, or chronic infection other than localized skin infections. Monitor patients for signs and symptoms of infection during and after TZIELD treatment. If serious infection develops, treat appropriately, and discontinue TZIELD.

In a pool of clinical trials, 78% of TZIELD-treated patients developed lymphopenia compared to 11% of control-treated patients. For most TZIELD-treated patients who experienced lymphopenia, lymphocyte levels began to recover after the fifth day of treatment and returned to pre-treatment values within two weeks after treatment completion and without dose interruption. Severe lymphopenia (<500 cells per mcL) lasting 1 week or longer occurred in 0.9% of TZIELD-treated patients, 0.5% of TZIELD-treated patients permanently discontinued TZIELD because of lymphopenia [see Adverse Reactions (6.1) ].

In the PROTECT study, 51% of TZIELD-treated patients developed lymphopenia compared to 3% of placebo-treated patients. Severe lymphopenia lasting 1 week or longer occurred in 1.4% of TZIELD-treated patients [see Adverse Reactions (6.1) ].

Severe lymphopenia following TZIELD treatment may be more prolonged in adults. Obtain a CBC prior to starting TZIELD and monitor lymphocyte counts during TZIELD treatment. If prolonged severe lymphopenia (<500 cells per mcL lasting 1 week or longer) develops, permanently discontinue TZIELD.

Acute hypersensitivity reactions including serum sickness, angioedema, urticaria, rash, vomiting and bronchospasm occurred in TZIELD-treated patients [see Adverse Reactions (6.1) ]. If severe hypersensitivity reactions occur, discontinue use of TZIELD and treat promptly.

The safety of immunization with live-attenuated vaccines in TZIELD-treated patients has not been studied. Additionally, TZIELD may interfere with the immune response to vaccination and decrease vaccine efficacy.

• Administer all age-appropriate vaccinations prior to starting TZIELD [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) ].
• Inactivated or mRNA vaccinations are not recommended within the 2 weeks prior to any TZIELD treatment course, during treatment, or up to 6 weeks after completion of any treatment course.
• Live-attenuated vaccinations are not recommended within the 8 weeks prior to starting TZIELD treatment, during treatment, between treatment courses, or up to 52 weeks after completion of final treatment course.

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

Placebo-Controlled Study in Adult and Pediatric Patients Aged 8 Years and Older with Stage 2 T1D (TN-10)

The data in Table 2 are derived from the placebo-controlled study (Study TN-10) in adult and pediatric patients aged 8 years and older with Stage 2 T1D [see Clinical Studies (14.1) ]. These data reflect exposure of 44 patients of whom 93% completed the full 14-day treatment course.

Table 2 presents common (≥5%) adverse reactions that occurred during treatment and through 28 days after the last study drug administration in patients with Stage 2 T1D in Study TN-10. Adverse reactions observed in pediatric patients 8 years and older who received TZIELD were consistent with those reported in adult patients in this study.

Placebo-Controlled Trial in Pediatric Patients Aged 8 to 17 Years with Stage 3 T1D

In a 78-week placebo-controlled trial (PROTECT) in patients aged 8 to 17 years recently diagnosed with Stage 3 T1D, 328 patients were randomized to TZIELD or placebo daily by intravenous infusion for a 12-day course followed by another 12-day course 6 months later [see Clinical Studies (14.2) ].

Table 3 presents common adverse reactions (≥5%) that occurred during either of the two 12-day treatment courses and through 28 days after the last dose of study drug administration in the PROTECT trial.

No new adverse reactions were observed with the second course of TZIELD treatment. Incidence rates were similar than those reported during the first treatment course.

Pool of Five Controlled Clinical Studies in Stage 2 or Stage 3 T1D

Adverse reactions in TZIELD-treated patients were also evaluated in a larger pool of adult and pediatric patients who participated in five controlled clinical studies (including Study TN-10 described above):

• One study in patients with Stage 2 T1D (Study TN-10) [see Clinical Studies (14.1) ] ,
• Three placebo-controlled studies in patients with Stage 3 T1D,
• One open-label standard-of-care controlled study of TZIELD in patients with Stage 3 T1D.

In this pool:

• 773 patients received TZIELD (44 patients with Stage 2 T1D and 729 patients with Stage 3 T1D), and
• 245 patients received either placebo or standard of care control (32 patients with Stage 2 T1D and 213 patients with Stage 3 T1D).

In these studies, 436 patients received a 14-day dosing regimen of TZIELD with a total drug exposure that was comparable to the total drug exposure achieved with the recommended dosage [see Dosage and Administration (2.4) ] , 168 patients received a 14-day course of TZIELD with a lower total TZIELD drug exposure, and 169 patients received a 6-day course of TZIELD with a lower total TZIELD drug exposure. The mean age of TZIELD-treated patients was 17.6 years (median 15 years), 62% were less than 18 years old (40% age 12 to 17; 21% age 8 to 11), 38% were 18 years and older (36% age 18 to 34; 2% age ≥35), and 64% were male. The population was 72% White, 26% Asian, 1% Black or African American, 1% were multiple or unknown race, and less than 1% American Indian or Alaska Native; 5% were Hispanic or Latino ethnicity.

Common Adverse Reactions

Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS)

In Study TN-10, CRS was reported in 2% of TZIELD-treated patients compared to 0% of placebo-treated patients.

In the PROTECT Study, CRS was reported in 9% of TZIELD-treated patients compared to 1% of placebo-treated patients.

Of the 39 TZIELD-treated patients developed CRS (5% of all TZIELD-treated patients), in the pool of 5 clinical trials, 13% of the CRS cases were serious adverse reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ] . Liver transaminase elevations were observed in 56% of TZIELD-treated patients who experienced CRS; 64% were up to 2.5 times ULN, 32% were more than 2.5 to 5 times ULN, and 4.5% were greater than 5 –10 times ULN.

Serious Infections

In Study TN-10, serious infections (cellulitis, gastroenteritis, pneumonia, wound infection) were reported in 9% (4/44) of TZIELD-treated patients compared to 0% (0/32) of placebo-treated patients any time during or after the first dose of study treatment.

In clinical trials, serious infections were reported in 3.5% of TZIELD-treated patients compared to 2% of control-treated patients any time during or after the first dose of study treatment.

Rash and Hypersensitivity Reactions

Hypersensitivity reactions were reported with TZIELD treatment in Study TN-10. Serum sickness was observed in 2% (1/44) of TZIELD-treated patients compared to 0% (0/32) of placebo-treated patients. The patient who developed serum sickness had a prior history of positive anti-nuclear antibody and presented with arthralgias and elevated c-reactive protein and low C4 complement five days after completing their course of TZIELD; illness resolved in 2.5 months.

In the PROTECT Study, hypersensitivity reactions were reported in 1% of TZIELD-treated patients and 0% in the placebo group. One patient in the TZIELD group experienced delayed hypersensitivity. The patient had a prior history of allergic rhinitis and presented with symptoms of rash and arthralgia 16 days after completing Course 1. The event resolved with antihistamine treatment.

In the pool of 5 clinical trials of patients with Stage 2 or Stage 3 T1D:

• Anaphylaxis (with hypoxia and bronchospasm) was observed in one TZIELD-treated patient who was hospitalized.
• Angioedema (periorbital and facial) was observed in 0.3% TZIELD-treated patients, compared to 0% in control-treated patients.
• Peripheral and generalized edema was reported in 1.6% of TZIELD-treated patients and 0% of control-treated patients.
• Rash was observed in 48% of TZIELD-treated patients compared to 15% in control-treated patients, with 33 excess cases of rash per 100 patients. The majority of events of rash observed with TZIELD treatment were not serious and resolved without intervention; although 0.3% (2/773) of TZIELD-treated patients had a serious rash compared to 0% (0/245) of placebo-treated patients.
• Urticaria was reported in 1.9% of TZIELD-treated patients and in 1.2% of control-treated patients.

Immunogenicity: Anti-Drug Antibody-Associated Adverse Reactions

In Study TN-10, rash occurred in 39% of TZIELD-treated patients who developed anti-teplizumab-mzwv antibodies and in 33% of TZIELD-treated patients who did not develop anti-teplizumab-mzwv antibodies [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.6) ].

In the PROTECT Study, rash occurred in 30% of TZIELD-treated patients who developed anti-teplizumab-mzwv antibodies and in 17% of TZIELD-treated patients who did not develop anti-teplizumab-mzwv antibodies [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.6) ].

Open Label Study in Pediatric Patients Age 1 to Less Than 8 Years with Stage 2 T1D

The safety of TZIELD was evaluated in a non-randomized, single arm, open-label, multicenter study in 23 pediatric patients age 1 to less than 8 years with Stage 2 T1D ( PETITE-T1D Study; NCT05757713)[see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ]. In this trial, 87% completed the full 14-day treatment course. The median age was 4.9 years (1 patient was less than 2 years old; 52% were 2 to less than 5 years old; 44% were 5 to less than 8 years old; range 1.7 to 6.8 years) and 52% were female. The majority of the population (96%) was White and one patient (4%) was Asian; 3 patients (13%) were Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. At baseline, 87% of participants had a first-degree relative with T1D. The majority (87%) were positive for 3 or more diabetes-related autoantibodies. The most common autoantibodies were anti-insulin (87%), anti-ICA (85%), anti-GAD65 (83%), anti-ZnT8 (74%), and anti-IA2 (68%). The median HbA1c was 5.5%.

Overall, the safety profile of TZIELD observed in pediatric patients less than 8 years of age with Stage 2 T1D was consistent with that observed in patients 8 years of age and older with Stage 2 T1D. The most common adverse reactions that occurred in patients less than 8 years of age were vomiting (52%) and diarrhea (30%).

Other Adverse Reactions

Lymphopenia

In Study TN-10, lymphopenia was reported in 73% of TZIELD-treated patients compared to 6% of placebo-treated patients. The average lymphocyte count nadir occurred at Day 5 of treatment, with recovery and return to baseline by Week 6 [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ].

In the PROTECT Study, lymphopenia was reported in 51% of TZIELD-treated patients compared to 3% of placebo-treated patients. Lymphocyte count nadir occurred at approximately Day 4 of treatment, with recovery and return to baseline by Week 4 [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ].

Neutropenia

In Study TN-10, neutropenia was observed in 7% of TZIELD-treated patients compared to 3% of placebo-treated patients.

In the PROTECT Study, neutropenia was observed in 23% of TZIELD-treated patients compared to 5% of placebo-treated patients.

Decreased Hemoglobin and Thrombocytopenia

In the pool of 5 clinical trials, decreased hemoglobin was reported in 27% of TZIELD-treated patients compared to 21% of placebo-treated patients, and thrombocytopenia was reported in 13% of TZIELD-treated patients compared to 5% of placebo-treated patients during the 14-day treatment course; recovery occurred within 2 to 4 weeks of treatment. In these clinical trials, 1.8% of TZIELD-treated patients discontinued treatment due to hemoglobin less than 8.5 g/dL (or a decrease of more than 2 g/dL to a value less than 10 g/dL), and 1% discontinued TZIELD due to platelet count less than 50,000 platelets/mcL.

Liver Enzyme Elevations

Liver enzyme and bilirubin elevations were observed in TZIELD-treated patients, both in the context of CRS and in patients without CRS. In the pool of 5 clinical trials, ALT increased was reported in 25% of TZIELD-treated patients compared to 11% of placebo-treated patients during the 14-day treatment course. On laboratory analysis, 5.1% of TZIELD-treated patients experienced a peak ALT more than 3 times the ULN compared to 0.8% of control-treated patients. Most liver enzyme elevations were transient and resolved 1–2 weeks after treatment; 98% resolved by week 14.

Procedure-Related Venous Thrombosis

Venous thrombus and thrombophlebitis have been reported in patients receiving teplizumab intravenously administered via peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC). In the pool of 5 clinical trials of patients, deep vein thrombus was reported in 0.4% of TZIELD-treated patients compared to 0 placebo-treated patients. One teplizumab-treated patient (4.3%) in the PETITE-T1D study experienced a deep vein thrombosis.

Other Laboratory Abnormalities

In the pool of 5 clinical trials, other laboratory abnormalities including decreased bicarbonate (15% in TZIELD-treated patients, compared to 7% in placebo-treated patients) and decreased blood calcium (19% in TZIELD-treated patients, compared to 13% in placebo-treated patients) were noted.

Teplizumab-mzwv binds to CD3 (a cell surface antigen present on T lymphocytes) and delays the onset of Stage 3 T1D in adult and pediatric patients aged 1 year and older with Stage 2 T1D and delays the decline in endogenous insulin production in patients aged 8 to 17 years recently diagnosed with Stage 3 T1D.

The mechanism may involve partial agonistic signaling and deactivation of pancreatic beta cell autoreactive T lymphocytes. Teplizumab-mzwv leads to an increase in the proportion of regulatory T cells and of exhausted CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood.

Clinical studies have shown that teplizumab-mzwv binds to CD3 molecules on the surface of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells during TZIELD treatment, with internalization of the teplizumab-mzwv/CD3 complex from the surface of T cells. Pharmacodynamic effects include lymphopenia in the absence of depletion of T cells with a nadir approximately on the 5 ^th day of dosing, during a 14-day course (Stage 2) or 12-day course (Stage 3) of TZIELD treatment [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ].

Teplizumab-mzwv exposure-response relationship and time course of pharmacodynamic response for the safety and effectiveness of teplizumab-mzwv have not been fully characterized.

Distribution

The central volume of distribution (Vd) of teplizumab-mzwv was 2.27 L in a 60 kg subject.

Elimination

Teplizumab-mzwv showed saturable binding and elimination. The clearance of teplizumab-mzwv is 2.66 L/day in a 60 kg subject.

Metabolism

Teplizumab-mzwv is expected to be metabolized into small peptides by catabolic pathways.

Specific Populations

No clinically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of teplizumab-mzwv were observed based on age (1 to 35 years old), sex, or racial groups (White, Asians).

Pediatric Patients 1 to Less Than 8 Years Old

No clinically significant difference in the AUC of teplizumab-mzwv was observed in pediatric patients aged 1 to less than 8 years compared to that in adult and pediatric patients aged 8 years and older. By extending the infusion duration from 30 minutes to 2 hours in pediatric patients aged 1 to less than 8 years, the C _max of teplizumab-mzwv was comparable to that in adult and pediatric patients aged 8 years and older.

Body weight

BSA-based dosing normalizes the exposure to teplizumab-mzwv across body weight.

The observed incidence of anti-drug antibodies (ADA) is highly dependent on the sensitivity and specificity of the assay. Differences in assay methods preclude meaningful comparisons of the incidence of anti-drug antibodies in the studies described below with the incidence of anti-drug antibodies in other studies, including those of teplizumab-mzwv or of other teplizumab products.

In the placebo-controlled study in patients aged 8 years of age and older with Stage 2 T1D (Study TN-10) [see Clinical Studies (14.1) ] , approximately 57% (24/42) of TZIELD-treated patients developed anti-teplizumab-mzwv antibodies after one 14-day course of TZIELD treatment, 46% (11/24) of whom developed neutralizing antibodies. There was a higher incidence of rash in TZIELD-treated patients who developed anti-teplizumab-mzwv antibodies (39%) compared to those who did not develop anti-teplizumab-mzwv antibodies (33%) [see Adverse Reactions (6.1) ] .

Results from the analysis up to Week 52 from the PETITE-T1D study in patients 1 to less than 8 years of age with Stage 2 T1D, approximately 87% (20/23) of TZIELD-treated patients developed anti-teplizumab-mzwv antibodies, 70% (14/20) of whom developed neutralizing antibodies [see Adverse Reactions (6.1) ] . There was a higher incidence of skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders (most of which were mild or moderate) in TZIELD-treated patients who developed anti-teplizumab-mzwv antibodies (70%) compared to those who did not develop anti-teplizumab-mzwv antibodies (33%) [see Adverse Reactions (6.1) ] .

There is insufficient information to characterize the effects of ADA on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, or effectiveness of TZIELD in patients aged 1 year and older with Stage 2 T1D.

In the placebo-controlled study in patients 8 to 17 years of age with Stage 3 T1D (PROTECT Study) [see Clinical Studies (14.2) ] , approximately 98% (172/175) of TZIELD-treated patients developed anti-teplizumab-mzwv antibodies after two 12-day courses of TZIELD treatment, 77% (132/172) of whom developed neutralizing antibodies. Following the second course of TZIELD treatment, ADA titers and neutralizing activity were higher, and geometric mean teplizumab-mzwv AUC and C _trough after the last dose decreased by 51% and 81%, respectively, compared to those in first course. There is insufficient information to characterize the effects of ADA on pharmacodynamics or effectiveness of TZIELD to delay the decline in endogenous insulin production in patients with Stage 3 T1D . There was a higher incidence of rash in TZIELD-treated patients who developed anti-teplizumab-mzwv antibodies (30%) compared to those who did not develop anti-teplizumab-mzwv antibodies (17%) [see Adverse Reactions (6.1) ] .

No long-term studies have been performed to assess the carcinogenic potential of teplizumab-mzwv.

No studies have been performed to assess the mutagenic potential of teplizumab-mzwv. As an antibody, teplizumab-mzwv is not expected to interact directly with DNA.

Fertility and reproductive performance were unaffected in female and male mice that received a murine surrogate anti-mouse CD3 antibody administered by the subcutaneous route at doses up to 20 mg/kg.

The effectiveness of TZIELD to delay the onset of Stage 3 T1D was investigated in a randomized, double-blind, event-driven, placebo-controlled study (Study TN-10; NCT01030861) in 76 patients, 8 to 49 years of age with Stage 2 T1D. Stage 2 T1D was defined as having both of the following:

1. Two or more of the following pancreatic islet autoantibodies:
   • Glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD) autoantibodies
   • Insulin autoantibody (IAA)
   • Insulinoma-associated antigen 2 autoantibody (IA-2A)
   • Zinc transporter 8 autoantibody (ZnT8A)
   • Islet cell autoantibody (ICA)
2. Dysglycemia without overt hyperglycemia on oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT) defined as:
   • Fasting plasma glucose ≥ 110mg/dL, and <126 mg/dL or
   • 2 hour plasma glucose ≥140mg/dL, and <200 mg/dL or
   • 30, 60, or 90 minute value on OGTT ≥200 mg/dL
   In patients 18 years of age and older: two consecutive OGTTs, each demonstrating dysglycemia without overt hyperglycemia (as defined above) were required.

In Study TN-10, patients were randomized to receive TZIELD or placebo once daily by intravenous infusion for 14 days. Patients in the TZIELD group had a total drug exposure that was comparable to the total drug exposure achieved with the recommended total TZIELD dosage [see Dosage and Administration (2.4) ].

The primary efficacy endpoint in Study TN-10 was the time from randomization to development of Stage 3 T1D diagnosis.

Baseline Patient Characteristics in Study TN-10

In Study TN-10, 45% were female; 97% White, 1% Asian, and 1% reported multiracial background; 3% were Hispanic or Latino ethnicity; and 95% were from the United States. The median age was 14 years. The age range was 8.5 to 49.5 years old (72% were <18 years old; 14% were ≥35 years old) (Table 4).

Baseline Disease Characteristics in Study TN-10

Table 5 displays the baseline disease characteristics in Study TN-10.

Efficacy Results in Study TN-10

In Study TN-10, Stage 3 T1D was diagnosed in 20 (45%) of the TZIELD-treated patients and in 23 (72%) of the placebo-treated patients. A Cox proportional hazards model, stratified by age and oral glucose tolerance test status at randomization, demonstrated that the median time from randomization to Stage 3 T1D diagnosis was 50 months in the TZIELD group and 25 months in the placebo group, for a difference of 25 months. With a median follow-up time of 51 months, therapy with TZIELD resulted in a statistically significant delay in the development of Stage 3 T1D, hazard ratio 0.41 (95% CI: 0.22 to 0.78; p=0.0066) (Figure 1).

Study TN-10 was not designed to assess whether there were differences in the effectiveness between subgroups based on demographic characteristics or baseline disease characteristics.

Figure 1: Kaplan-Meier Curve of Time to Diagnosis of Stage 3 T1D in Adult and Pediatric Patients Aged 8 Years and Older with Stage 2 T1D by Treatment Group (Study TN-10) ITT population

The PROTECT Study

The effectiveness of TZIELD to delay the decline in endogenous insulin production in patients recently diagnosed with Stage 3 T1D was investigated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multinational, multicenter study (PROTECT Study; NCT03875729) in 328 patients aged 8 to 17 years recently diagnosed with Stage 3 T1D (within 6 weeks of diagnosis). This trial enrolled patients with residual beta cell function, as indicated by peak stimulated C-peptide >0.2 pmol/mL on a mixed-meal stimulation test.

In the PROTECT study, patients were randomized to receive TZIELD or placebo once daily by intravenous infusion for a 12-day course followed by another 12-day course 6 months later (or at approximately 12 months for a subset of 28 patients) [see Dosage and Administration (2.4) ] . The primary efficacy endpoint in the PROTECT study was the change from baseline in stimulated C-peptide at Week 78, as a marker of beta cell function.

Baseline Patient Characteristics in the PROTECT Study

In the PROTECT study, 43% of patients were female; 86% White, 3% Black or African American, 2% Asian, and 2% reported multiracial background; 6% were Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. The median age was 12 years (42% were <12 years old).

Baseline Disease Characteristics in the PROTECT Study

Table 6 displays the baseline disease characteristics in PROTECT Study.

A statistically significant difference in decline of C-peptide AUC from baseline at Week 78 was observed in TZIELD-treated patients compared to placebo (see Table 7 ).

Subgroup analyses of the primary endpoint by age group (age 8 to 11, 12 to 17 years), sex (males, females), race (White, other races), geographic region (North America, Europe), baseline insulin use (<0.5, ≥0.5 unit/kg/day), baseline peak C-peptide category (0.2–0.7, >0.7 pmol/mL), baseline HbA1c category (<7.5, ≥7.5%), timing of second course of TZIELD (month 6 or 12), number of positive T1D autoantibodies (1–2, ≥3), HLA genotype DR3 (positive, negative), HLA genotype DR 4 (positive, negative), and BMI z-score by quartile were carried out. The estimated treatment effect in maintaining C-peptide AUC was consistent among patients treated with TZIELD relative to placebo in patients in all subgroups.

Refrigerate TZIELD vials at 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F) in the original carton to protect from light. Store upright. Do not freeze or shake the vials.

Once diluted, it is recommended that the product should be used immediately [see Dosage and Administration (2.7) ] .